REFERENCES
  1. Aebi, H., 1984. Catalase in vitro. In: Colowick, S.P., Kaplan, N.O. (eds.), Methods in Enzymology. Academic Press, New York: 121-126.
  2. Afaj, A.H., Jassim, A.J., Noori, M.M., Schüth, C., 2017. Effects of lead toxicity on the total chlorophyll content and growth changes of the aquatic plant Ceratophyllum demersum L. International Journal of Environmental Studies,74: 119-128.
  3. Anjum, S., Hussain, M., Hameed, M., Ahmad, R., 2021. Physiological, biochemical and defense system responses of roadside vegetation to auto-exhaust pollution. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,107: 946-954.
  4. Aslam, M.T., Imran, K., Chattha, M.U., Maqbool, R., Ziaulhaq, M., Lihong, W., Arshad, M., 2023. The critical role of nitrogen in plants facing the salinity stress: Review and future prospective. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca,51: 13347-13347.
  5. Aslam, M.T., Khan, I., Chattha, M.U., Murtaza, G., 2026. Coated Urea Improves Productivity and Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Wheat. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 3: 1-23.
  6. Beauchamp, C., and Fridovich, I., 1971. Superoxide dismutase: improved assays and an assay applicable to acrylamide gels. Analytical Biochemistry,44: 276-287.
  7. Bell, J.N.B., Honour, S.L., Power, S.A., 2011. Effects of vehicle exhaust emissions on urban wild plant species. Environmental Pollution,159: 1984-1990.
  8. Elik, A., 2003, Heavy metal accumulation in street dust samples in Sivas. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis,34: 145-156.
  9. FeleKari, H., Ghobadi, M.E., Ghobadi, M., Jalali-Honarmand, S., Saeidi, M., 2017. Effect of dust deposition on yield and yield components of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under rain fed and supplemental irrigation conditions in Kermanshah. Journal of Agroecology, 9: 535-544.
  10. Geeta, C., and Namrata, C., 2014. Effect of air pollution on the photosynthetic pigments of selected plant species along roadsides in Jamshedpur, Jharkhand. Research in Plant Biology,4(5).
  11. Ghori, N.H., Ghori, T., Hayat, M.Q., Imadi, S.R., Gul, A., Altay, V., Ozturk, M., 2019. Heavy metal stress and responses in plants. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology,16: 1807-1828.
  12. Ghosh, S.P., Raj, D., Maiti, S.K., 2020. Risks assessment of heavy metal pollution in roadside soil and vegetation of national highway crossing through industrial area. Environmental Processes, 7: 1197-1220.
  13. Glotter, M., and Elliott, J., 2016. Simulating US agriculture in a modern dust bowl drought. Nature Plants, 3: 16193.
  14. Gnoinsky, A., Hargiss, C.L., Prischmann‐Voldseth, D., DeSutter, T., 2019. Road dust fails to impact soybean physiology and production. Agronomy Journal,111: 1760-1769.
  15. Guan, Y.J., Hu, J., Wang, X.J., Shao, C.X., 2009. Seed priming with chitosan improves maize germination and seedling growth in relation to physiological changes under low temperature stress. Journal of Zhejiang University Science B,10: 427-433.
  16. Gunawardena, J., Egodawatta, P., Ayoko, G.A., Goonetilleke, A., 2013. Atmospheric deposition as a source of heavy metals in urban stormwater. Atmospheric Environment,68: 235-242.
  17. Guo, K., Yan, L., He, Y., Li, H., Lam, S.S., Peng, W., Sonne, C., 2023. Phytoremediation as a potential technique for vehicle hazardous pollutants around highways. Environmental Pollution,
  18. Gutteridge, J.M., and Halliwell, B., 1990. The measurement and mechanism of lipid peroxidation in biological systems. Trends in Biochemical Sciences,15: 129-135.
  19. Hadayat, N., Hussain, M., Shahbaz, M., Ahmad, R., 2019. Physio-biochemical responses of apple-of-sodom [calotropis procera (aiton) wt aiton] to vehicular pollution. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 51: 609-616.
  20. Hamilton, P.B., and Van-Slyke, D.D., 1943. Amino acid determination with ninhydrin. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 150: 231-233.
  21. Hussaini, K.M., Akhtar, J., Anwar-ul-Haq, M., Maann, A.A., 2022. Impact of heavy metals-enriched dust particles on the growth, metal accumulation and gas exchange attributes of various plant species in urban areas of Faisalabad, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences,59: 122-136.
  22. Karami, L., Ghaderi, N., Javadi, T., 2017. Morphological and physiological responses of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) to drought stress and dust pollution. Folia Horticulturae,29: 231.
  23. Khalid, N., Noman, A., Sanaullah, T., Akram, M.A., Aqeel, M., 2018. Vehicle pollution toxicity induced changes in physiology, defence system and biochemical characteristics of Calotropis procera L. Chemistry and Ecology,34: 565-581.
  24. Khalid, N., Masood, A., Noman, A., Aqeel, M., Qasim, M., 2019. Study of the responses of two biomonitor plant species (Datura alba & Ricinus communis) to roadside air pollution. Chemosphere, 235: 832-841.
  25. Lokuruka, M.N., 2011. Effects of processing on soybean nutrients and potential impact on consumer health: an overview. African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development,11: 5000-5017.
  26. Manisalidis, I., Stavropoulou, E., Stavropoulos, A., Bezirtzoglou, E., 2020. Environmental and health impacts of air pollution: a review. Frontiers in Public Health,8: 14-23.
  27. Mukherjee, S., Chakraborty, A., Mondal, S., Saha, S., Haque, A., Paul, S., 2019. Assessment of common plant parameters as biomarkers of air pollution. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,191: 1-8.
  28. Mulenga, C., Clarke, C., Meincken, M., 2020. Physiological and growth responses to pollutant-induced biochemical changes in plants: A review. Pollution, 6: 827-848.
  29. Mustafa, A., Khan, I., Chattha, M.U., Wahab, H.A., Nadeem, F., Awan, R., Hassan, M.U., 2025. Mitigating the greenhouse gases intensity and improving fine rice productivity with coated urea fertilizers in semi-arid conditions. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 25: 2709-2725.
  30. Nawaz, M.F., Rashid, M.H.U., Arif, M.Z., Sabir, M.A., Farooq, T.H., Gul, S., Gautam, N.P., 2021. Ecophysiological response of Eucalyptus camaldulensis to dust and lead pollution. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science,51: 13-22
  31. Nawaz, M.F., Rashid, M.H.U., Saeed-Ur-Rehman, M., Gul, S., Farooq, T.H., Sabir, M.A., Iftikhar, J., Abdelsalam, N.R., Dessoky, E.S., Alotaibi, S.S., 2022. Effect of Dust Types on the Eco-Physiological Response of Three Tree Species Seedlings: Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Conocarpus erectus and Bombax ceiba. Atmosphere,13: 1010.
  32. Qadeer, A., Saqib, Z.A., Ajmal, Z., Xing, C., Khalil, S.K., Usman, M., Liu, M., 2020. Concentrations, pollution indices and health risk assessment of heavy metals in road dust from two urbanized cities of Pakistan: Comparing two sampling methods for heavy metals concentration. Sustainable Cities and Society,53: 101959.
  33. Rai, P.K., and Panda, L.S., 2015. Assessment of air pollution tolerance index (APTI) with road side plants in East and North East India: an eco-sustainable approach. Journal of Pollution Effects and Control, 3: 26-38.
  34. Rai, P.K., Lee, S.S., Zhang, M., Tsang, Y.F., Kim, K.H., 2019. Heavy metals in food crops: Health risks, fate, mechanisms, and management. Environment International,125: 365-385.
  35. Sabir, M.A., Nawaz, M.F., Khan, T.H., Zulfiqar, U., Naseer, J., Hussain, S., Roy, R., 2023. Impact of dust load and lead (Pb) stress on leaf functioning of urban vegetation. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry,47: 713-726.
  36. Sett, R., 2017. Responses in plants exposed to dust pollution. Horticulture International Journal, 1: 22-37.
  37. Shah, K., Amin, N.U., Ahmad, I., Shah, S., Hussain, K., 2017. Dust particles induce stress, reduce various photosynthetic pigments and their derivatives in Ficus benjamina: a landscape plant. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 19: 1469-1474.
  38. Shahid, M., Dumat, C., Khalid, S., Schreck, E., Xiong, T., Niazi, N.K., 2017. Foliar heavy metal uptake, toxicity and detoxification in plants: A comparison of foliar and root metal uptake. Journal of Hazardous Materials,325: 36-58.
  39. Shukla, S., Sharma, R., Sahu, M., 2019. Research article dust pollution affect morphophysiological traits of plant Mangifera indica L. International Journal of Botany,15: 1-4.
  40. Singh, H., Singh, P., Agrawal, S.B., Agrawal, M., 2023. Assessment of the reverberations caused by predominant air pollutants on urban vegetation: a multi-site study in Varanasi Located in Indo-Gangetic Plains. Gases,3: 57-76.
  41. Siqueira-Silva, A.I., Pereira, E.G., de Lemos-Filho, J.P., Modolo, L.V., Paiva, E.A.S., 2017. Physiological traits and antioxidant metabolism of leaves of tropical woody species challenged with cement dust. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,144: 307-314.
  42. Steel, R.G.D., Torrie, J.H., Dickey, D.A., 1980. Principles and Procedures of Statistics: A Biometrical Approach. McGraw-Hill, New York.
  43. Swami, A., 2018. Impact of automobile induced air pollution on road side vegetation: A review. ESSENCE International Journal for Environmental Rehabilitation and Conservation,9: 101-116.
  44. Tang, H., Hassan, M.U., Nawaz, M., Yang, W., Liu, Y., Yang, B., 2023. A review on sources of soil antimony pollution and recent progress on remediation of antimony polluted soils. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 266: 115583.
  45. Uka, U.N., Belford, E.J., Hogarh, J.N., 2019. Roadside air pollution in a tropical city: physiological and biochemical response from trees. Bulletin of the National Research Centre,43: 1-12.
  46. ur Rehman, M.Z., Waqar, M., Bashir, S., Rizwan, M., Ali, S., El Baroudy, A.A.E.F., Khalid, H., Ayub, M.A., Usman, M., Jahan, S., 2021. Effect of biochar and compost on cadmium bioavailability and its uptake by wheat–rice cropping system irrigated with untreated sewage water: a field study. Arabian Journal of Geosciences,14: 1-12.
  47. Velikova, V., Yordanov, I., Edreva, A.J.P.S., 2000. Oxidative stress and some antioxidant systems in acid rain-treated bean plants: protective role of exogenous polyamines. Plant Science,151: 59-66.
  48. Verma, N., Rachamalla, M., Kumar, P.S., Dua, K., 2023. Assessment and impact of metal toxicity on wildlife and human health. In: Kumar, P.S., Prasad, R. (eds.), Metals in Water. Elsevier, Amsterdam: 93-110.
  49. Zhang, H., Zhang, Y., Wang, Z., Ding, M., Jiang, Y., Xie, Z., 2016. Traffic-related metal (loid) status and uptake by dominant plants growing naturally in roadside soils in the Tibetan plateau, China. Science of the Total Environment,573: 915-923.
  50. Zhang, X., Yin, H., Chen, S., He, J., Guo, S., 2014. Changes in antioxidant enzyme activity and transcript levels of related genes in Limonium sinense Kuntze seedlings under NaCl stress. Journal of Chemistry, 749047.